Roth Conversions: A Straight Guide for Retirees

Last updated: October 12, 2026

About the Author: I’m Kurt H. Jackson, Retirement Lifestyle Architect and founder of KJ Financial. I’ve spent 16+ years helping retirees and pre-retirees in Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Florida build retirement income plans that hold up in bad markets … not just good ones. When I run a client’s Roth conversion question, I run it on what I consider the most accurate conversion software in the business, the same kind of tax engine the free calculators only wish they were. I’m Life and Health Insurance Licensed in MO, NE, KS, IA, and FL.

You’ve probably heard the pitch. Convert your IRA to a Roth, pay the tax now, and you’ll come out ahead, because taxes are only going up. It’s everywhere. And like a lot of advice that’s everywhere, it’s right for some people, wrong for others, and sold to everybody.

I want to walk you through the straight version. Not the pitch, the real picture … what a conversion actually does, who it genuinely helps, who it quietly hurts, and how you’d know which one you are. Ask yourself one thing as we go. When someone tells you a conversion will leave you “better off,” better off for whom? You, while you’re alive and spending? Or your kids, after you’re gone? Those aren’t the same person, and they don’t always want the same conversion.

See What Your Own Numbers Actually Say

Before anyone tells you to convert, it’s worth seeing what your own numbers say. Book a no-pressure, 15-minute Retirement Income Blueprint Call. We’ll look at whether a conversion even fits your situation … and I’ll tell you straight if it doesn’t.

What Is a Roth Conversion, in Plain English?

You’ve got money sitting in a traditional IRA or 401(k). That money has never been taxed. The deal you made was simple. Don’t tax me now, tax me later, when I pull it out in retirement.

A Roth conversion is choosing to pay that tax now instead of later. You move money from the traditional account into a Roth account, you pay ordinary income tax on whatever you move, and from then on that money grows tax-free, comes out tax-free, and passes to your heirs without the income-tax bill attached.

That’s the whole mechanic. The hard part isn’t understanding what it is. The hard part is knowing whether doing it actually helps you, and that’s where almost everyone, and almost every calculator, gets it wrong. If you want the year-by-year mechanics and the 2026 angles, that’s covered in our deeper guide on Roth conversion strategies for 2026.

The Question That Decides Everything: Are You a Spender or a Leaver?

Forget “wealthy” versus “not wealthy” for a minute. That’s not the line that matters here. The line that matters is this. Are you a spender, or a leaver?

A spender plans to use most of this money. The IRA is your paycheck for the go-go years, the travel, the grandkids, the life you put off while you were saving. A leaver plans to live on Social Security and a little else, and the IRA is really the kids’ money. It’s the inheritance, sitting in a tax-deferred account, waiting.

Here’s why that one question decides the whole thing.

If you’re a spender, a conversion usually doesn’t help, and it can actually hurt. You pay a big tax bill today to convert, which pulls money off the table now, and then you spend the account down anyway over your retirement. You never get enough years of tax-free growth to earn that upfront cost back. And here’s the part most people have backwards. The longer you live, the worse the conversion looks for a spender, because you spend the Roth down too, and all you really did was prepay a tax you could have spread out gently over twenty years.

So how long is long? J.P. Morgan gives a non-smoking 65-year-old woman in excellent health a 54% chance of reaching 90 and a 30% chance of reaching 95, and for a couple there is a 74% chance one of them reaches 90.² That is not a rare case, it is the middle of the pack, and it is why we settle how long you are likely to live before we run a conversion either way.

If you’re a leaver, the math can flip. Now you’ve got an account you’re not going to touch, compounding tax-free, for the rest of your life and then for ten more years in your children’s hands.⁴ The longer you live, the better that looks. If you’re married and one of you lives well into your nineties, better still, because the Roth keeps compounding tax-free that whole time and your heirs inherit it without that income-tax bill.

Before anything else, be straight with yourself … spender or leaver? And here’s something a lot of people miss. Plenty of folks who’d never call themselves wealthy are leavers. They live on Social Security and a small pension, the IRA is “for the kids,” and it’s almost all pre-tax money. If that’s you, this conversation matters more for you than it does for half the millionaires out there.

Will a Conversion Actually Leave You With More Money?

For a spender, usually not. For a leaver, often yes, but as a gift to your family, not as a raise for you.

That second half is the part nobody says out loud. When a Roth conversion truly pays off, the winner is almost always the next generation. The people who built what I consider the most accurate Roth conversion software in the business, Roccy and Lauren DeFrancesco, ran case after case and kept landing on the same uncomfortable truth. Converting rarely leaves the IRA owner with more spendable money in their own lifetime. The win, when there is one, is for the heirs.

That doesn’t make conversions bad. It makes them a legacy decision more often than a self-benefit decision, and once you see them that way, the whole conversation changes. It stops being “how do I save on taxes” and becomes “how do I protect my family from a tax bill I can see coming.” That’s a better question, and it’s a straight one.

Where Will the Tax Come From? The Question That Quietly Decides the Outcome

Here’s a question that decides more than almost anything else, and most calculators never even ask it. If you convert, where does the money to pay the tax come from?

If you can pay it from savings or a brokerage account, money that’s outside the IRA, a conversion has a fighting chance. If the only place to get it is the IRA itself, the math usually falls apart. Think about why. You withdraw money to pay the tax, that withdrawal is itself taxed, so you need to withdraw even more to cover that, and you’ve just drained the very account you were trying to grow tax-free.

One of the first real questions in any conversion analysis is simply … is there non-IRA money to pay the tax? If the answer is no, be very careful, because a lot of the conversions that look great on a screen quietly assume a pot of outside money that doesn’t actually exist.

What Does Dave Ramsey Say About Roth Conversions?

Dave Ramsey is for Roth conversions on one condition: you pay the tax with cash from outside the retirement account.

In his syndicated Dave Says column, he wrote that converting $100,000 would cost about $25,000 in taxes, then said, “if you can pay the taxes out of pocket, I say go for it!” He also wrote, “Don’t cash out your retirement or dip into your emergency fund”.¹¹ His company, Ramsey Solutions, adds that a conversion makes sense mainly when you’re more than five years from retirement, can pay the taxes with cash, and are completely out of debt, including your mortgage.¹²

We agree with him on where the tax money comes from. Paying it out of the IRA can cost you more, for the reasons covered above.

We see the timing differently. For many families, the cheapest years to convert come after the paychecks stop and before Social Security and required minimum distributions push income up, often in the early sixties. Being close to retirement isn’t, by itself, a reason to skip it. It can be the reason to start.

Many financial professionals, and many unlicensed so-called financial experts in the media, follow a hard-and-fast rule for Roth conversions. A rule like that looks at one part of the picture, or a few parts. The decision is complex, and it depends on many factors. Find someone who can run a complete Roth conversion analysis. The calculator we use weighs more than thirty factors. Many calculators look at six to ten. A rule like “convert only if you’re more than five years from retirement” may weigh just one.

Comparing your tax bracket while you work with your bracket in retirement misses how taxes work differently once you retire. Extra income can make more of your Social Security taxable and raise your Medicare premiums, so a conversion can cost more than your bracket shows. Both are covered further down this page, under Will Your Tax Rate Really Be Higher in Retirement? and Why Do Free Roth Calculators Give Such Different Answers? For more, see Are Roth Conversion Calculators Accurate?

Will Your Tax Rate Really Be Higher in Retirement?

This is the engine behind most of the hard-sell pitches. “Tax rates are going up, so you’ll be in a higher bracket later, so convert now.” It sounds logical. It’s also, for a lot of people, just not true.

I’m not going to tell you what Congress will do with tax rates, because I don’t know and neither does anyone selling you a conversion. But here’s what the math usually shows. Most people’s taxable income drops in retirement, and many retirees end up at a lower effective rate than they paid while working, not a higher one.³ Betting an irreversible decision on “rates are surely going up” is a guess dressed up as a strategy.

Now, the real danger in retirement isn’t a guess about future rates. It’s structural, and it’s already in the law. It’s the chain reaction I call the Retirement Tax Avalanche, where forced withdrawals trigger more of your Social Security being taxed, push up your Medicare premiums, strip your deductions, follow your spouse into widowhood, and finally land on your kids. Those forces trigger each other regardless of what rates do. That’s the real reason a conversion can matter, and it’s a lot sturdier than “rates are going up.”

What Does a Conversion Do to Your Medicare?

More than most people expect. Converted money counts as income in the year you convert it, and higher income can raise the cost of your Medicare through an income-based surcharge called IRMAA.

Here’s the cruel part. IRMAA isn’t a gentle ramp, it’s a set of cliffs.¹ Go one dollar over a threshold and you don’t pay a little more, you pay the whole surcharge for that tier, for the year, for each spouse. A conversion that looks like a winner on a simple calculator can look a lot worse once you budget in the higher Medicare premiums it sets off. A real analysis accounts for that. A free calculator almost never does.

When Is the Right Time? The Conversion Window

If a conversion is going to make sense for you, timing is most of the game.

There’s often a window, frequently in your sixties, between the day you stop working and the day Required Minimum Distributions and full Social Security kick in, when your income is temporarily low and you, not the IRS, control your tax bracket. That window is the calm day on the mountain.

Think of ski patrol. They don’t wait for a loaded slope to let go on its own and bury whatever’s at the bottom. They go up on a calm day and release the pressure deliberately, a little at a time, when it’s safe. A well-timed conversion is the same idea. You choose to bring some of that future tax down on your terms, in a low-tax year you picked, instead of leaving the whole slope loaded for the government to release on its schedule, with your family standing at the bottom. Miss that window, and the easiest, cheapest years to convert are gone.

Should a 70-Year-Old Do a Roth Conversion?

It can still make sense at 70, but the math is tighter than it was in your early sixties.

What works for you at 70: there’s no 10% early-withdrawal penalty past 59½, and every dollar you convert shrinks the IRA that your required minimum distributions will come from. Those start at 73 or 75, depending on your birth year.⁵

What costs more at 70:

• Social Security has probably started. Extra income from a conversion can make up to 85% of your benefits taxable.⁶
• Medicare premiums are based on your tax return from two years earlier.¹ In 2026 the surcharge starts above $109,000 for a single filer and $218,000 for a married couple filing jointly.⁷ A conversion at 70 can raise your premiums at 72.
• The new $6,000 senior deduction, per person 65 and older, phases out above $75,000 of income for a single filer and $150,000 for a couple.⁸ A conversion can shrink it.
• Once RMDs have started, that year’s RMD has to come out first, and it can’t be converted.⁹
• A conversion can’t be undone. Recharacterizing one has not been allowed since 2018.¹⁰

The question that decides it hasn’t changed: are you a spender or a leaver? If the money is meant for you to spend, there’s less time for tax-free growth to pay back the tax. If it’s meant for your kids, the conversion can keep paying off after you’re gone. Both sides are covered earlier on this page.

Why Do Free Roth Calculators Give Such Different Answers?

Because most of them aren’t doing the math you think they’re doing.

I’ll be blunt, because you deserve it. Most online Roth calculators will lead you wrong, even by accident. Not out of malice. Out of how they’re built. A free calculator basically grows two savings of money at some assumed rate, compares “Roth nest egg” to “traditional nest egg,” and tells you which is bigger at the end. That’s a projection engine. What it almost never does is calculate your actual tax, year by year, as your income changes. It uses a flat rate, or your top rate, and it quietly assumes the conversion tax gets paid by some outside money that may not exist. That’s the difference between a projection engine and a tax engine, and the gap between them is exactly where families get talked into the wrong move.

Let me give you a real example, with the names kept out of it.

Those same software folks, the DeFrancescos, took a real client’s case and ran it through a planning tool a lot of advisors rely on. That tool called the conversion a clear winner, a six-figure gain, somewhere north of $140,000 in the client’s favor. Convert, obviously, right? Then they ran the identical case through software that does the actual tax math correctly. The picture turned upside down. While the client was alive, the conversion didn’t leave her with more, it left her with a little less. Budget in the higher Medicare premiums it triggered, and it looked worse still. The only real winner was the next generation, who stood to inherit roughly a quarter of a million dollars more, tax-free.

Think about that for a second. Same client, same money. One tool said “convert, you’ll gain six figures.” The real math said “this costs you while you’re alive, and the only reason to do it is your children.” Those are completely different conversations, and you’d have made a move you can’t reverse based on the wrong one.

(Those dollar figures are there to show the pattern, not to promise anything about your situation. The point isn’t the exact numbers. The point is that a confident number on a screen can be wrong by six figures, and you’d never know it was wrong.)

And here’s a related trap. A lot of these tools bet your whole decision on a single rosy rate of return, often something like 9 percent every year forever. Planning a thirty-year retirement off one optimistic number is like planning your daughter’s outdoor wedding off a six-month weather forecast. You can do it. You just shouldn’t be surprised when the day arrives and the forecast was a guess. The straight version runs your case across several different returns and several different lifespans, so you can see how the decision holds up when the future doesn’t cooperate. That’s how we work to create more certainty, by getting the tax math right and stress-testing it, not by pretending anyone can predict the market.

If you want to watch the chain reaction play out on your own numbers, you can see your own Tax Avalanche with our free calculator.

The Part the Calculators Leave Out Entirely

Here’s where most of this conversation goes off the rails, and where the standard advice quietly traps people.

Almost every Roth analysis treats it as a tradeoff. Spend less now so you can leave more later. Give something up to get something. And inside the narrow world those calculators live in, that tradeoff is usually real.

But that world is missing a piece. What if you didn’t have to choose? What if you could use less of your money to create more of your income?

That’s the idea behind building a Protected Lifetime Income floor, and building it early. When you secure guaranteed lifetime income well before you need it, you can often lock it in at a discount, sometimes by getting started years ahead of when most people even think about it. Once that income floor is covering your essentials, the lights-and-groceries part of life, the rest of your money is freed up. It doesn’t all have to be spent down to fund your retirement, because your income is already handled.

And that changes the Roth math completely. Now the conversion isn’t “spend less so the kids get more.” Now you might keep spending the way you wanted to, because your income floor has the essentials covered, and still convert the freed-up money into tax-free dollars for your family. You may not have to spend less. You may still leave more. The tradeoff those calculators assume is only real when there’s no guaranteed income doing the heavy lifting underneath. That’s the version almost nobody shows you, because it takes getting to you earlier, while you’ve still got the runway to use it.

How Do You Actually Know if a Conversion Is Right for You?

You run your real numbers. Not a flat-rate projection, not a free calculator that assumes outside money you might not have. Your actual, year-by-year tax picture, stress-tested across different returns and different lifespans, with a straight answer to the question that started all this. Whose outcome are we optimizing, yours while you’re alive, or your kids’ after you’re gone? Sometimes it’s the same conversion. Often it isn’t. It also depends on how a conversion fits the rest of your plan, which is why it works best alongside a smart withdrawal strategy and a clear-eyed look at what happens to the survivor’s taxes when one spouse passes.

Here’s the thing to hold onto above everything else. Running the numbers is free, and it’s reversible. The conversion isn’t. There’s no do-over anymore, no undo button. Once you convert, that tax is paid and the decision is made. It never hurts to look. It can hurt to act without looking.

That’s all a real conversation about this is. A careful look, on real software, before you do something you can’t take back.

Ready to See What a Conversion Would Really Do for Your Family?

Book a no-pressure, 15-minute Retirement Income Blueprint Call. We’ll run your real, year-by-year picture, answer the question of whose outcome we’re optimizing, and lay out clear next steps … only if you want them. And if a conversion isn’t your move, I’ll tell you that just as plainly.

Frequently Asked Questions

Will a Roth conversion leave me with more money to spend?

For most people, no, not in their own lifetime. A conversion costs real tax in the year you do it, and a spender who uses the money down rarely gets enough tax-free growth to earn that cost back. Conversions tend to pay off as a legacy move, leaving heirs money with no income-tax bill, rather than as a raise for you. The right answer depends on whether you’ll spend the money or leave it, and on running your real, year-by-year tax numbers.

Does a Roth conversion help if I plan to spend my IRA?

Usually not, and it can hurt. If you’re going to spend the account down anyway, you’ve prepaid a tax you could have spread out gently over many years, and the longer you live, the worse a conversion tends to look for a spender. Conversions favor people who intend to leave the account untouched.

Where should the money to pay the conversion tax come from?

Ideally from non-IRA money, like a brokerage or savings account. Paying the tax out of the IRA itself is usually a loser, because you withdraw, get taxed, and then need still more withdrawals to cover that tax, draining the very account you’re trying to grow tax-free.

Will my tax rate really be higher in retirement?

Often it’s lower, not higher. Most people’s taxable income drops in retirement. The real risk isn’t a guess about future rates, it’s the structural chain reaction of forced withdrawals, Social Security taxation, Medicare surcharges, the survivor’s penalty, and the inherited-IRA tax bomb, which trigger each other regardless of what rates do.

Can a Roth conversion raise my Medicare premiums?

Yes. Converted money counts as income in the year you convert, and higher income can push you into a higher Medicare premium tier through an income-based surcharge called IRMAA. A conversion that looks like a winner before Medicare can look worse once those premiums are counted.

When is the best time to do a Roth conversion?

Usually in the low-income window after you retire but before Required Minimum Distributions and full Social Security begin, often in your sixties, when you control your tax bracket. Miss that window and the cheapest years to convert are gone.

Why do online Roth calculators disagree with each other and with my advisor?

Most free calculators are projection engines, not tax engines. They grow two savings of money at an assumed rate and compare the ends, using a flat or top tax rate and often assuming outside money to pay the tax. Accurate software calculates your effective tax year by year, accounts for Social Security taxation and Medicare surcharges, and stress-tests multiple returns. The two approaches can disagree by six figures.

More retirement income answers →

About Kurt H. Jackson

Experience: Since founding KJ Financial in 2010, Kurt H. Jackson has worked with retirees and pre-retirees across Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Florida who discovered that the retirement plan they had built around a fixed withdrawal rule was far more fragile than they realized. He has worked directly with clients coming out of the 2008 crash, and with clients who retired into the 2020 COVID drop and the inflation spike of 2021 to 2023, and he has seen firsthand what sequence of returns risk does to a withdrawal-only strategy versus a Lifestyle-First plan with a guaranteed income floor. Before founding KJ Financial, he spent 20 years as a Certified Mortgage Planner working with more than 1,000 clients on major financial commitments, giving him deep insight into how financial decisions compound over time.

Expertise: Kurt is a Retirement Lifestyle Architect and the creator of the Lifestyle-First Retirement Income Planning framework. He builds guaranteed lifetime income, which he calls Protected Lifetime Income (PLI), under both his clients’ essentials and their non-negotiables, the adventures, the experiences and the memories with those they care about. With that income floor in place, the rest of their money no longer has to pay the bills, which means it doesn’t have to be sold in a down market. He is Life and Health Insurance Licensed in MO, NE, KS, IA, and FL. His practice focuses exclusively on insurance-based, tax-optimized retirement income strategies. He does not manage investments or sell securities.

Authoritativeness: Kurt founded KJ Financial and operates MaxMyRetirementIncome.com as a dedicated educational resource for retirees. His work is grounded in peer-reviewed and independently published research, cited directly on each page. He applies that research to the practical income planning decisions retirees face every day in the states he serves.

Trustworthiness: KJ Financial is a compliance-first firm. All figures and research citations on this page are sourced from publicly available, independently published studies and are linked directly in the content. Kurt is paid by commission from the insurance company that issues the policy. Kurt H. Jackson is not a securities broker, registered investment advisor, or CPA. Guarantees rely on the claims-paying ability of the issuing insurance company.

Contact KJ Financial:
1014 E. 5th St., Maryville, MO 64468
Direct: 816.582.5532
Email: kurt@kjfinancialonline.com
Website: www.MaxMyRetirementIncome.com

Educational only … not tax, legal, or individualized investment advice. Any figures mentioned are illustrative and hypothetical and are not a projection or guarantee of any outcome. Roth conversions are generally irreversible, so please review any strategy with a qualified professional before acting. Guarantees rely on the issuing insurer’s claims-paying ability.

One more thing worth considering: many retirees who do everything right, including Roth conversions, still find themselves afraid to spend. Read The Retirement You Already Paid For to understand why, and what to do about it.

Go deeper: who should actually do a Roth conversion · how to pay the tax without wrecking it

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